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Scientists comment on the hantavirus situation on a cruise ship that travelled from Argentina to Cape Verde.
Dr Benjamin Brennan, Group Leader and Senior Lecturer, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, said:
Do we know for sure yet (re transmission) or do we need to know more and wait for the results of investigations to be sure where the cases became infected?
“The WHO’s working hypothesis of mixed transmission pathways (rodent exposure in endemic areas, plus limited person-to-person spread among close contacts) aligns with what we’d expect from Andes virus in this setting, but confirmation awaits full epidemiological and laboratory investigation. The ship’s itinerary visiting multiple islands with wildlife exposure creates several plausible exposure windows, so determining whether each case picked up the infection from rodents or from close contacts requires careful case-by-case analysis of timelines and exposures. This remains work in progress. Therefore, we should hold fire on firm conclusions/statements until the data clarifies what actually happened.”
Dr César López-Camacho, Jenner Investigator and Head of the mRNA Technology Programme at the Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, said:
“This cluster is important because the meaning of the outbreak depends heavily on viral identity. For most hantaviruses, a small group of cases would usually point first to a shared environmental exposure. But if the virus involved is Andes virus, which WHO now considers likely, the interpretation becomes more complex because Andes virus is the principal hantavirus associated with documented person-to-person transmission. The scientific priority is therefore not only case confirmation, but rapid lineage resolution and careful reconstruction of exposure histories. Events like this remind us that the challenge is not just detecting unusual infections, but linking diagnostics, sequencing and epidemiology quickly enough to understand what kind of outbreak we are dealing with.”
Dr Giulia Gallo, Postdoctoral Scientist in the Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, said:
What does the latest info from the WHO suggest – are there still uncertainties and more things we need to know?
“At the moment, seven cases have been reported, two have been confirmed with hantavirus infection and five remain suspected. Further analysis is being performed to confirm the hantaviral species causing the outbreak. The open question remains on how these patients came into contact with the virus in the first place. Two patients visited South America before boarding the ship, which could represent a way of infection. The journeys of the other patients, and therefore potential exposure to the virus, still needs to be elucidate for the other cases. Epidemiological investigations are being carried out on the ship, to assess how people could have encountered the virus. This still remains to be clarified.
Is it significant that the WHO info says “Cases 1 and 2, had travelled in South America, including Argentina, before they boarded the cruise ship on 1 April 2026”?
“This information could guide to the identification of the potential pathogen. Andes virus is found in this part of South America, and the symptomatology presented by the patients aligns with what is known about the Andes virus infection in humans. This could inform on countermeasures that could be undertaken and inform rapid response for exposed people.
How worrying is this – what is the risk to those on the ship and to members of the public in the relevant locations?
“The WHO currently assesses the risk of infection to the global population as low. Measures on the ship have been taken (maximal physical distancing, isolation, evacuation of infected patients) to reduce the additional exposure to the virus. Monitoring is fundamental for the passengers and crew on the ship, to rapidly react to any development. In parallel, further investigations such as serology and sequencing of patients, is going to help determine the severity of the outbreak and guide solutions to protect people on board.”
Dr Charlotte Hammer, Assistant Professor and infectious disease epidemiologist, University of Cambridge, said:
“Outbreak investigations will be ongoing at the moment to establish the exposure of the cases. Hantavirus is present in Argentina and other parts of South America and has an incubation period of up to eight weeks. Therefore, it is quite possible and even likely that the cases have been exposed during their time in South America. There is a (albeit small) risk of Hantavirus infection across South America, just like there is a small risk of Old World Hantavirus infections in Europe whenever one is in a context where exposure to rodent droppings is likely for example when cleaning garages or garden sheds. Further details on the exposure location and method are necessary to fully assess the risk to others but the risk to the general public is very small. The risk to those on the ship is somewhat higher as there is a higher potential for shared exposure or transmission either though human-to-human transmission which is rare but possible, or through a shared exposure either onboard the ship or during land activities.”
Prof Mark Fielder, Professor in Medical Microbiology, Kingston University London, said:
“The cases of Hantavirus detailed by the WHO indicate that a total of seven cases have been identified as of the 4th May 2026, that comprises two laboratory confirmed cases and a further five suspected cases. Of the cases reported one patient is critically ill, three patients report mild symptoms, and three patients have lost their lives. The latest statement from the WHO is a case definition defining the patients involved in the outbreak and detailing the pattern of the disease development and progression. It is noted that the vessel and its passengers have undertaken multiple stops in ecologically diverse and remote locations, although the level of patient contact with any wildlife during the trip is as yet undetermined. This is important as Hantavirus can be transmitted to humans via contact with the urine, faeces and/or saliva of infected rodents. It is also known that Hantavirus causes relatively small numbers of cases annually in places such as Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Chile with only hundreds of cases reported. However, despite this low number of cases the case fatality rate can be between 20%- 40% meaning it is a public health concern. The infection can become evident in a patient between one to eight weeks after exposure.
“Whilst this information is of concern for the patients that have contracted the infection it should be noted that human to human infection is rare and is largely associated with prolonged and close contact between people in the same household or those with intimate contact. This sort of transmission has been documented for the Andes virus in the Americas.
“With the current understanding of the ongoing infection and the likelihood that stringent infection control measures are being implemented on board the vessel, it is likely that further ongoing transmission will be limited. The isolation of infected patients, regular handwashing, monitoring of close contacts, and the application of infection control measures will all be critical to limiting and halting onward spread of the disease.
“Once the ship docks it is likely that arrangements will be made for the remaining passengers and crew to be medically assessed and then be taken into a period of quarantine and monitoring to ensure the control of any infection and provide early medical intervention where needed.”
Dr Benjamin Brennan, Group Leader and Senior Lecturer, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, said:
What does the latest WHO info suggest – are there still uncertainties?
“The WHO has identified seven cases including two laboratory-confirmed hantavirus infections and five suspected cases, with illness onset between 6 and 28 April.
“Key uncertainties remain: the precise source of infection aboard ship hasn’t been pinpointed (hantavirus typically spreads through rodent contact, so its appearance in a cruise ship environment raises questions about contamination pathways), and the full extent of person-to-person transmission remains unclear. Only limited human-to-human spread has been documented previously with Andes virus. The incubation period and disease progression rates on this outbreak warrant careful monitoring.
Why is the South America travel history significant?
“Cases 1 and 2 travelled in South America, including Argentina, before boarding the cruise ship. This is a crucial piece of epidemiological information in that it suggests the infection was acquired in a hantavirus-endemic region and brought aboard, rather than originating from shipboard conditions. Argentina is where Andes virus circulates, so identifying which virus strain is responsible is essential for assessing the ongoing risks associated with the outbreak.
“The travel histories of other passengers and crew members are still being investigated, so it remains uncertain whether additional individuals may have had exposure to hantavirus sources in endemic areas before boarding or during port stops. However, most passengers and crew will have been in close quarters throughout the virus incubation period, leading to the potential for secondary cases to occur.
How worrying is this?
“WHO currently assesses the risk to the global population from this event as low, and there’s no evidence of spread beyond the ship and those who had direct contact with cases. However, the situation remains serious for those aboard and their contacts, seven cases have been identified with three deaths, one critically ill patient and three mild cases. The real concern is whether additional cases emerge among the remaining 140+ passengers and crew during this critical window. Currently, rapid isolation, medical evacuation and contact tracing should be appropriately prioritized, to get the affected patients the full and comprehensive medical treatment they require.”
Dr Michael Head, Senior Research Fellow in Global Health, University of Southampton, said:
“We now know that two of these cases known to have travelled in South America prior to boarding the vessel. This does indicate that those cases were likely infected by an environmental exposure at that point. The incubation period from initial infection to symptoms can be several weeks, so it does fit within the timelines presented.
“We do not yet know about the movements of cases 3 and 4 prior to boarding the ship. We also do not yet know if this is the Andes strain of hantavirus, with laboratory tests ongoing. There have been documented cases of human-to-human transmission from the Andes strain, specifically within Argentina. In one outbreak, there was a single environmental exposure to rodents and three symptomatic patients then infected others at crowded social events, resulting in 34 cases and 11 deaths.
“Here, on the MV Hondius, we do not yet know if there is human-to-human transmission. Knowledge of the strain is therefore important to understanding the risks to the passengers who are still on board.”
Ref, Andes strain of hantavirus and transmission – https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2009040
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON599
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus; https://www.who.int/emergencies/outbreak-toolkit/disease-outbreak-toolboxes/hantavirus-outbreak-toolbox
Comments sent out on Monday 4 May:
Prof Roger Hewson, Professor in Molecular Virology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), said:
“Hantaviruses are a group of rodent-borne viruses that can cause severe disease in humans. They are found in different parts of the world, with different hantaviruses associated with different rodent hosts and different clinical syndromes. In the Americas, some hantaviruses can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a rare but potentially very severe illness affecting the lungs.
“The usual route of infection is exposure to infected rodents, particularly inhalation of virus from contaminated rodent urine, droppings or saliva. This is why investigations of suspected cases often focus on whether people may have had exposure to rodent-contaminated environments, food stores, cabins, storage areas or other enclosed spaces. Hantavirus is not generally considered easily transmissible between people.
“At this stage, based on the public information available, it’s important not to over interpret the cruise ship setting. The fact that cases have been identified in people associated with the same vessel does not by itself tell us whether exposure occurred on the ship, before boarding, during shore excursions, or through some other shared environmental exposure. That is precisely why public health investigations, laboratory confirmation and where possible, virus sequencing are important.
“Symptoms can initially be non-specific, including fever, muscle aches, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms, before some patients progress to respiratory illness. Diagnosis is usually made through specialist laboratory testing, including serology to detect recent infection and molecular tests where appropriate.
“The key public health message is that hantavirus infections are uncommon and the wider public risk is generally low. The priority is careful clinical management of affected individuals, laboratory confirmation, investigation of potential rodent exposure and proportionate public health follow-up of close contacts and shared environments.”
Dr Giulia Gallo, Postdoctoral Scientist in the Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, said:
What is hantavirus? Which parts of the world does it live in?
“Hantaviruses are zoonotic RNA viruses. They belong to the Bunyaviricetes class, which include other known human pathogens such as Rift Valley Fever virus, Oropouche virus, Lassa virus. Based on which part of the world they are found, they are classified as Old World Hantaviruses, found in Europe and Asia, and New World Hantaviruses, found in the Americas.
How do people contract hantavirus?
“The animal reservoirs of hantaviruses are rodents. Different species of rodents are the hosts of different hantaviral species, with a strict viral-host co-evolution and adaptation. Transmission occurs through inhalation of viral particles present in the excreta produced by rodents. For example, if people clean a house where rodents are found, they might come in contact with aerosols formed from droppings of infected animals, possibly becoming infected. Few reports suggests that most pathogenic hantaviruses could potentially transmit human-to-human, but a recent analysis published in 2021 suggests that there are not enough evidence to strongly support this way of transmission in humans. Further well-controlled cohort studies need to be carried out.
From what’s being reported, do we know how and why these cases might have arisen?
“Ongoing investigations from the WHO and its collaborators will shed light on the events that led to the three suspected cases reported on the cruise ship. The most likely situation is that people travelling from South America came in contact with infected rodents’ dropping in this part of the world. At the moment, we cannot be sure where the contact happened: it might have been during touristic activities in the region, or infected rodents might have been present on the ship. New World hantaviruses are considered the more pathogenic to humans, as compared to Old World Hantaviruses, causing a disease called “Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome”, which is believed to be fatal in 40% of cases. It can take up to a few weeks for the symptoms to manifest.
How is hantavirus tested for? What symptoms does it usually cause?
“Hantavirus infection can be tested using ELISA-based technique, detecting the presence of antibodies against the N protein of the virus, from blood samples. There are no rapid or at-home kits for hantaviruses.
“For Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, the symptoms are quite unspecific and described as “flu-like”, with fever, myalgia, headache, nausea and overall fatigue. As the disease progresses, the lungs and heart become affected, with shortness of breath, hypotension, chest pain. The patient would require intensive care and support for breathing for survival.
What’s the relevance of this being on a cruise ship – is that likely relevant or don’t we know yet?
“As mentioned, for the most pathogenic New-World hantavirus Andes virus, there are a few papers describing possible human-to-human transmission. However, at this stage, we can’t confirm that the phenomenon we are seeing on the cruise relates to this (ships being enclosed environments where human-to-human transmission might happen more easily), which would be very unlikely, and as previously described, not necessarily supported by the literature and evidence. It seems much more realistic that people were individually exposed to rodents’ droppings in South America, or infected rodents boarded or were already present on the ship, and people came in contact with their excreta. It would be necessary to identify any potential source of infection on the ship, and trace back the journey of the patients, to know if they visited American regions were hantaviruses are reported.”
Dr Toshana Foster, Associate Professor in Molecular Virology, University of Nottingham, said:
What is hantavirus? Which parts of the world does it live in?
“Hantaviruses are a large family of RNA viruses which co-evolved silently in rodent hosts, particularly mice and rats. These viruses are found worldwide where the rodent species that carry it live, so they are found in North and South America to Europe, Russia and Asia. The hantaviruses that are found in Europe and Asia usually are associated with haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), a kidney disease which has a variable case fatality rate (CFR), depending on the infecting type/strain of hantavirus, ranging from 0.1% to 15%. The hantaviruses that are endemic in the Americas are of higher clinical concern, they lead to hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which has a higher CFR of 30-40%.
How do people contract hantavirus?
“The virus is spread to humans if aerosolised virus is breathed in from urine, droppings, through direct contact or through a rodent bite. Most often people are unaware of the risk of catching the virus, as cases are contracted through aerosolised virus particles. In South America, however, the Andes (ANDV) hantavirus which is endemic in Chile and Argentina, is so far is the only hantavirus known to spread from human to human, through close contact.
From what’s being reported, do we know how and why these cases might have arisen?
“It would be unwise to speculate at the moment, but from what has been reported, the likely explanation is that there was an exposure to infected rodents or their droppings at some stage of the trip. Seeing a small cluster of cases is unusual however given how hantaviruses usually spread, where human to human transmission is rare. A concerning scenario, would involve a strain of ANDV spreading from person to person on the ship, but this would require confirmation through laboratory testing and sequencing of the virus.
How is hantavirus tested for? What symptoms does it usually cause?
“There are a few tests that would confirm hantaviruses present in the blood of patients – these are antibody or serology tests (ELISA) to assess whether the body has made antibodies specific to the virus. Another is a polymerase chain reaction method, which would detect the genetic make-up of the virus even before antibodies are made by the patient. This would identify what strain/type of virus is infecting the patient.
“Symptoms are often mistaken for the flu initially as they typically are fever, muscle aches, headache, fatigue, vomiting and abdominal pain. In milder cases of HFRS, infected people may notice reduced urine output and back pain due kidney injury. These symptoms can then progress, in the worst cases to chest tightness, shortness of breath, dry cough and respiratory failure.
What’s the relevance of this being on a cruise ship – is that likely relevant or don’t we know yet?
“The nature by which hantaviruses usually spread often involves individual cases due to a single encounter with an infected rodent. Multiple cases linked to a single event have not been reported to occur often. Whether the fact that the outbreak is on the cruise ship is relevant will be confirmed once more is known about hantavirus identity. The cruise ship is a closed environment where facilities and air handling systems are shared and could amplify person to person transmission if the hantavirus is capable of this.”
Prof Sir Andrew Pollard FRCPCH FMedSci FRS, Ashall Professor of Infection and Immunity, Pandemic Sciences Institute, and Director of the Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, said:
“Hantaviruses are a family of viruses that are related but the family members in the America’s (New World hantaviruses) generally cause a life-threatening respiratory illness whereas the Old World viruses (which are found in Europe) cause bleeding and kidney problems, with a much lower case fatality rate. Within these families there are different varieties of hantaviruses that infect different rodent species. Most human cases involve exposure to rodents or material from them (urine, faeces or saliva). Spread between people is very unusual and so wider spread to the public is extremely unlikely. There are no specific treatments for the hantavirus respiratory syndrome and affected patients usually need intensive care. There are no approved vaccines in Europe in North America to prevent hantavirus disease.”
Prof Jon Cohen, Emeritus Professor of Infectious Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, said:
“Hantaviruses are a group of viruses that occur throughout the world often with rather exotic names that show where they were first found (such as Andes virus that is found in Argentina), although they cause rather different diseases depending on their location. The New World viruses, found in North and South America, cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), a particularly severe form of infection. After flulike early symptoms the person develops low blood pressure, difficulty with breathing, build up of fluid in the lungs, kidney failure and often uncontrolled bleeding.
“All hantaviruses are associated with small rodents, such as mice and rats, and the likelihood of exposure depends on human and environmental factors such as harvest time (working in the fields) and probably, global warming as it affects rat population density, for example. Infection occurs due to close exposure to mouse or rat urine. Person-to-person spread is uncommon.
“There is not a particular reason for these infections to occur on cruise ships, but the source of infection in this case is still unknown.
“The infection is diagnosed with a blood test. There is no specific antiviral treatment so supportive care, often in an intensive care unit, is needed.”
Dr Benjamin Brennan, Group Leader and Senior Lecturer, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, said:
What is hantavirus? Which parts of the world does it live in?
“Hantaviruses (named after the Hantaan river in Korea) are a family of viruses that are rodent-borne and are transmitted by animals such as rats and voles. Very broadly the viruses are found throughout the Americas and are also found in Northern Europe. Hantavirus disease comes in two main forms: a cardiopulmonary (severe respiratory distress) syndrome caused by viruses found in the americas; or patients can experience haemorrhagic fever with renal disfunction if infected with the European/asian lineage viruses.
How do people contract hantavirus?
“Hantaviruses are transmitted by people coming into contact with rodent excreta (dried urine/faeces). It is usually associated with cleaning/dusting properties that have been dormant over winter where rodents have encroached into the property. They are very rarely transmitted directly from person to person. It is nearly always due to contact with infected rodents or their bodily fluids.
From what’s being reported, do we know how and why these cases might have arisen?
“Not enough information is known about how this outbreak started. But due to the strong linkage to rodent-borne transmission, rodents are likely to be somehow implicated.
How is hantavirus tested for? What symptoms does it usually cause?
“Hantaviruses are not routinely tested for due to the rare nature of the infections. Formal diagnoses in the UK would be confirmed at specialist diagnostic laboratories e.g. the Rare & Imported Pathogens Laboratories at UKHSA. Symptoms are described above, the disease usually starts with flu-like illness and fever that resolves within a week. However, if the disease progresses to the syndromes described above, they can be fatal.
What’s the relevance of this being on a cruise ship – is that likely relevant or don’t we know yet?
“Infectious disease outbreaks on cruise liners are not uncommon (e.g. norovirus). We don’t yet know whether it’s relevant that this current situation has happened on a cruise ship.”
Dr Liam Brierley, Research Fellow, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, said:
“Hantaviruses are a type of virus that are carried by wild rodents like mice or rats and have been recognised since the 1980s. They are transmitted to humans through breathing in virus in aerosol that has been shed from rodent droppings, but they do not transmit well and so most outbreaks happen among people who have a very high amount of exposure to droppings like farm workers in parts of the world where farmland overlaps with wild habitat for many rodents.
“Hantaviruses can be found in wild rodents over many parts of the globe including North and South America, Asia, and Europe which includes wildlife of the United Kingdom although human infection with these viruses is exceptionally rare.
“In terms of disease, there are two main types of hantavirus – one can cause disease in the kidneys with intensive fever (“Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome” or “HFRS”), the other can cause disease in the lungs (“Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome” or “HPS”). While these are life threatening, most hantavirus infections do not progress to this stage of disease and they are more likely to do so in people with underlying health conditions. Certain specific hantaviruses are also milder than others, though it is currently hard to speculate as we don’t yet know which of these diseases or which specific hantaviruses affected the people on the MV Hondius. So far only one case has so far been confirmed positive for hantavirus at all.
“Importantly, hantaviruses are not transmissible from person to person except in extremely rare circumstances and only for one specific type of hantavirus called Andes virus, under very intensive close contact (e.g., between sexual partners or from hospital patient to hospital staff). It’s therefore extremely likely that these cases have resulted from the same single point of exposure to rodents. The long incubation period means that it will be challenging to pinpoint exactly when and where this occurred.”
Dr Charlotte Hammer, Assistant Professor and infectious disease epidemiologist, University of Cambridge, said:
“Hantavirus describes a family of viruses that are zoonotic, i.e. transmitted from animals to humans. There are two major lineages of hantavirus: Old World Hantaviruses and New World Hantaviruses. Old World Hantaviruses are found in Europe and Asia, New World Hantaviruses are found in the Americas. In the current case we are most likely talking about Andes virus, which is a New World Hantavirus found in Argentina.
“The danger with New World Hantaviruses is that they are both unspecific in early presentation which resembles flu-like diseases, and the progression to Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome which can be very severe with a case fatality rate of up to 40%. Treatment is mainly supportive. Given that the incubation period is one to eight weeks, more cases are still possible.
“The most common route of Hantavirus spread is via rodents and their droppings (saliva, faeces or urine which can be aerosolised for example when cleaning, less commonly through bites and scratches), human-to-human transmission is possibly but very rare. Given the timeline, there are multiple possible scenarios in this case: it is not entirely uncommon for rodents to hitch a ride on a ship which would be one possibility, people having been infected when the ship last made port in Argentina is another possibility especially given that incubation periods of up to eight weeks, and the last possibility would be human-to-human transmission which particularly at scale would be very unlikely.”
Prof Paul Hunter, Professor in Medicine, UEA, said:
“Hantavirus is a viral infection that is acquired from contact with infected rodents (mice and rats). The virus is typically spread from rodents to humans through airborne aerosols of faeces and urine. There have been some suggestion that person-to-person spread may occur but there is still no agreement on this and others have concluded that evidence of person-to-person spread is not confirmed. If person-to-person spread happens at all it is rare.
“There are several different types of Hantavirus each associated with a different rodent. The infection can present as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The different types tend to cause one or other of the clinical syndromes. Mortality rate in diagnosed infections is high, in HPS this can be about 30% and in HFRS about 10%. Mortality rates are generally higher in older people, and often people on cruises tend to be older. There is no specific antiviral treatment available. Whilst some vaccines are available they do not affect all types of the virus.
“It is too early to speculate on how the affected people became infected. But it is very unlikely that this outbreak would lead to an increased risk in the UK or elsewhere in Europe.”
Dr Michael Head, Senior Research Fellow in Global Health, University of Southampton, said:
“When hearing about outbreaks on cruise ships, we tend to think of other diseases like COVID-19 or norovirus. Hantavirus is rarely associated with this setting, and person-to-person spread of the virus is also unusual.
“Given the ship came from South America, it’s plausible that the Andes strain of the virus may be responsible for this outbreak. There is previous reporting of person-to-person transmission from the Andes strain, though it’s not yet certain whether that’s the case here. PCR testing would be needed to confirm whether this is the Andes strain.”
Declared interests
Dr César López-Camacho: “I declare no conflict of interest.”
Prof Mark Fielder: “No conflicts of interest to declare.”
Prof Roger Hewson: “I am Professor of Virology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and am also employed part-time by the UK Health Security Agency. These comments are made in my academic capacity at LSHTM and do not represent an official UKHSA statement. UKHSA media enquiries should be directed to ukhsa-pressoffice@ukhsa.gov.uk.”
Dr Giulia Gallo: “I have no conflict of interest.”
Dr Toshana Foster: “I declare that I do not have any conflicting interests.”
Prof Sir Andrew Pollard: “Nothing I can think of for hanta.”
Prof Jon Cohen: “I have no conflicts to declare.”
Dr Benjamin Brennan: “No COIs to declare.”
Dr Liam Brierley: “I disclose previous funding for work unrelated to hantaviruses from CSL Seqirus Ltd.”
Dr Charlotte Hammer: “I have no interests to declare.”
Prof Paul Hunter: “No COIs.”
Dr Michael Head: “No COI to declare.”