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A study published in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health looks at an ‘inflammatory’ diet during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes risk in children.
Dr John MacSharry, Funded Investigator at APC Microbiome Ireland and Senior Lecturer in Virology and Immunology, University College Cork, said:
“The study by Noorzae et al. is a robust prospective analysis linking a pro-inflammatory maternal diet (Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDII)) during pregnancy to an increased risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in offspring.
“Their use of a large national cohort and validated registry data strengthens the epidemiological association, and the inclusion of breastfeeding duration as a covariate is a notable strength.
Interestingly, longer breastfeeding was more common among mothers with lower EDII scores, consistent with breastfeeding’s well-documented role in promoting immune tolerance and healthy microbial colonization. Apart from providing early passive immunity wave maternal antibodies, breast milk provides bioactive molecules such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which selectively feed beneficial microbes (e.g. Bifidobacterium spp.) and promote the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate by the gut microbiota —key modulators of regulatory T cell development and mucosal immunity.
“However, the study lacks direct biological validation of the immune or microbiota-mediated mechanisms it hypothesises. The Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDII) was based on correlations with C-reactive protein (CRP), a non-specific acute-phase protein that offers limited insight into adaptive immune function or cytokine signalling pathways central to autoimmunity.
No maternal or fetal immune phenotyping, cytokine profiling, or microbiota/metabolome data were included, missing the opportunity to explore key mediators such as SCFAs, bile acids, tryptophan metabolites, and gut microbiota population types. In addition, maternal or early-life infections—known risk factors for pancreatic islet autoimmunity—were not assessed, despite their relevance in immune priming.
“Future studies should integrate immunophenotyping, longitudinal microbiome and metabolomics analyses, and infection exposure history to map the interplay between maternal diet, immune maturation, and T1D risk. Such multi-omic approaches, including the postnatal environment shaped by breastfeeding and early feeding practices, are essential to fully understand the developmental origins of immune-mediated diseases.”
‘Association between a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes risk in offspring: prospective cohort study’ by Rohina Noorzae et al. was published in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health at 23:30 Ireland time on Tuesday 1 July 2025.
DOI: 10.1136/jech-2024-223320
Declared interests
Dr John MacSharry: “I can declare I have no financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence my opinion of this work.”